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Fdisk command line in Linux to help to manage partitions

fdisk command line utility is used to view and manage hard disks and partitions on Linux systems.

  • Commonly used fdisk commands. 
    n – Create partition
p – print partition table
d – delete a partition
q – exit without saving the changes
w – write the changes and exit.
  • Display disk cylinders | View all existing disk partitions | command to list the partitions | View all Disk Partitions in Linux | List Partitions 
    fdisk -l
  • View partitions of a specific hard disk (for example, vda) 
    fdisk -l /dev/vda
  • To get more information detailed and size readable by human of a specific hard disk. 
    partx -s /dev/vda
  • Delete a hard disk partition
    If you would like to combine several partitions (for example, /dev/vda2 and /dev/vda3) into a single disk partition, you have to first delete all those individual partitions, as shown below.

    fdisk /dev/vda

    Then

    Command (m for help): p

    Then

    Command (m for help): d

    Then

    Partition number (1-5): 3

    Then

    Command (m for help): d

    Then

    Partition number (1-5): 2

    Then

    Command (m for help): w
  • Create a new disk partition 
    fdisk /dev/sda
    Command (m for help): n

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Change DirectAdmin port from 2222 to your choice where CSF installed.

Here I will show you how to change port from 2222 to 9999 in two steps.

Step One: DirectAdmin

To change port of my choice (e.g., 9999), I have to open directadmin.conf as follows

vi /usr/local/directadmin/conf/directadmin.conf

Change port from 2222 to 9999

port=9999

Save and exit vi

:wq

Step Two: CSF

Find and change ports in CSF (ConfigServer Security & Firewall). Open csf.conf

vi /etc/csf/csf.conf

Change as follows:

TCP_IN = "9999"
TCP_OUT = "9999"

Save and exit vi

:wq

Restart the CSF firewall

csf -r

Then restart the DirectAdmin

service directadmin restart

You can do above task in login to DirectAdmin too.

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Hmm, login details do not seem to be correct. Please try again | DirectAdmin

Problems

  • I can’t login to DirectAdmin. The login page just refreshes without any errors.
  • Hmm, login details do not seem to be correct. Please try again.

Causes & Solutions

  • IP is changing. You may have rotating internet IP. To resolve that, you can disable the IP check so that your rotating IP is allowed.
  • You may use wrong password. Try resetting the password via ssh as root: 
    passwd username
  • System clock or client clock might be out of sync.

 

IMPORTANT LINKS:

https://help.directadmin.com/item.php?id=179
http://www.directadmin.com/features.php?id=443
http://help.directadmin.com/item.php?id=52
http://www.directadmin.com/features.php?id=1762

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Warning: The system load average is …..

Probable causes of high load:

  1. Load from real users. More users are visiting website and have bigger server load. This may be due to
    • Advertising
    • Sales
    • Miscellaneous
  2. Load from malicious traffic. Should be stopped.
    • Brute-force attacks to login page of websites, such as wp-login.php, /administrator/index.php, /xmlrpc.php, etc
    • Spam bots posting comments to forum, board, forms etc
    • Other malicious activities

Identifying the sources of high load

  1. Check Apache’s server-status page.
  2. Check MySQL: SHOW PROCESSLIST. shows which threads are running.
  3. Check Server logs. For NGINX /var/log/nginx/ , for Apache /var/log/httpd/ , also check domains/ folder.
  4. Check PHP-FPM status page.

Possible solutions

  • Enable Brute-Force monitor
  • Optimize PHP-FPM, MySQL, Apache/Nginx
  • Protect/limit access to login pages
  • Enable reCaptcha, etc.
  • Add your site to CloudFlare